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2004 年12月 Selendang Ayu号燃油泄漏事故简报
Background
December 8, 2004
a Malaysian freighter,
Selendang Ayu, carrying soybeans from Seattle to China
ran aground 800 miles southwest
of Anchorage
in the Bearing Sea’s Aleutian Island of
Unalaska after its engine failed in severe weather. Six crew
members died during a rescue attempt. The abandoned ship soon broke
in half, spilling an estimated 321,000 gallons of fuel oil and
diesel fuel, most of its original 442,000 gallons, into the waters
and onto the beaches of the 3.5 acre Alaska Maritime National
Wildlife Refuge, one of the world's most remote and ecologically
rich wildlife marine habitats. In short, it was the largest spill
in Alaska’s waters
since the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill.
2004128Selendang
Ayu800632.17.935001989
2 Wildlife
It will take years to fully assess the damage
from this oil spill, but we know from previous experience that this
disaster will harm animals, their habitat and the fishermen who
depend upon healthy fish stocks for their livelihood. Unalaska is
home to the nation's largest commercial fishing port by volume, and
the second-largest by value of annual catch. The nearby crab
fisheries, salmon streams, and shellfish beds also are at risk for
the spill already has resulted in the cancellation
of the local tanner crab season that was supposed to start January
15, depriving small-boat fishermen of the area's biggest catch at
this time of year.
Before this oil spill, the Bering Sea area was
already witnessing the decline of many of its signature species:
Steller sea lion populations have dropped 50 to 80 percent
throughout their range in the Bering Sea since the
1980’s, causing the species to be listed in 1996 as
Endangered under the ESA; northern fur seals, 70 percent of which
breed in the Bering Sea, have continued to decline in number and
are currently listed as Depleted under the MMPA; sea otter
populations along some Aleutian Islands have plummeted by as much
as 90 percent in the past decade. Birds, especially those species
that forage on the oil-slicked sea surface or on soiled beaches,
are threatened, too. The most oil-vulnerable birds include bald
eagles, crested auklets, murres, cormorants, ravens and several sea
ducks, including eiders, mergansers, black and surf scoters, and
harlequins.
2050-801996ESA70MMPA90
As of February 14th, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service has recovered 1,600 dead birds, a number that is sure to
climb with many more estimated to have died and washed away. Six
dead sea otters have been recovered and foxes have been reported
oiled. Causing other concerns is the escape of some of the 60,198
metric tons of soybeans the Selendang Ayu was carrying, intended
for China. In some
coastal areas, the soybeans cover beaches in a 4-foot thick layer,
smothering benthic macroinvertebrates and other lifeforms that
support the area’s food chain. The chief marine fisheries scientist
for Alaska, Doug
Woodby, admits “there's almost certainly going to be a cleanup
process that will take months, if not years.” &
214Fish and Wildlife
Service 16006601984Doug
The Threat of
Cargo Vessel Traffic:
Unlike the
Exxon Valdez, the most infamous of oil spills in Alaska, the M/V Selendang Ayu was a cargo ship. One may ask why a
cargo ship is in the Aleutian Islands in the first place. The reason is that the shortest
trans-Pacific shipping route takes ships north, rather than due
west. Called the Great
Circle Route, this
course requires ships to travel from the Gulf of Alaska to the Bering
Sea through
Unimak Pass. Approximately 2,900 ships per year and up to ten ships per
day travel through the pass, making it one of the busiest shipping
lanes in the world. Ships must also cross through the western tip
of the Aleutian chain to reenter the
AyuUnimak290010
As incidents like this demonstrate, oil tankers
are not the only source of oil spills. In fact, 53.7% of the spills
worldwide from 1991 & 2001 were caused by cargo ships and other
non-tank vessels. These spills tend to be smaller than those from
oil tankers, but there have been two cargo vessel spills larger
than 10 million gallons. To put this in perspective, the Exxon
Valdez spilled 11 million gallons of oil. The M/V Selendang Ayu was
carrying half a million gallons of bunker C fuel oil. The last
great cargo ship disaster in the Aleutians occurred in 1997 when the M/V Kuroshima ran aground,
releasing 39,000 gallons of bunker oil.
&1991200153.7%1.1Selendang
Ayu1997Kuroshima39
In 1998, right on the heels of the M/V Kuroshima
grounding, a cargo ship (the Han Jin Barcelona) collided with the
fishing vessel Alaskan 1. This event further illustrates the care
that cargo vessels must take, not only in avoiding natural hazards,
but care in avoiding the numerous fishing vessels these waters
contain. The pass and the surrounding seas are key near shore
fishing grounds and a mere 50 miles away is Dutch Harbor, the
largest port in the US for both
seafood volume and seafood value.
1998Kuroshima
What Needs To Be
freighter was traveling through the Pacific Oceans Great Circle Route
in the Aleutian Islands, where several thousand ships take the shortest
but most dangerous route from the U.S. to Asia. The
freighter ran aground in an environmentally sensitive area so
remote that it is only accessible by boat and helicopter, making it
almost impossible to rescue victims and limit the damage to the
nurseries and nests of endangered and threatened species, as well
as Alaska's fishing
industry. This tragedy shows beyond a doubt that there is a real
need to balance human safety, environmental protection and animal
health in the Aleutian
Islands and the
Great Circle
Route. It also shows
that we need to exercise real caution in opening any refuge areas
to human activity as this spill provides a clear example of the
consequences.
The single hull
Malaysian freighter was only six years old, yet it broke into two
pieces, and spilled more than a thousand tons of toxic fuel oil
into this precious marine environment, despite the best efforts of
the crew to avert such a disaster. If this can happen to a
relatively new single hull boat, it could happen to many older
single hull vessels, including oil tankers that could cause much
more damage.
This exemplifies why
Congress must take action: WWF and AOP recommend a
Congressional
investigations and clear recommendations to mitigate the
impact of shipping on Alaska's vital
resources.
recommend for immediate action:
installation of a vessel tracking system, so the Coast Guard can
monitor all vessel traffic in the Aleutians and Bering
the strategic
placement of two rescue tugs along the shipping route, particularly
critical at
Pass, with adequate proximity to respond in a timely
Additional steps
important for ensuring adequate management and safety in this
region should include:
assessment for the South
Bering Sea and
the Aleutian
. Routing agreements
requiring merchant with hazardous cargo to avoid sensitive
habitats, such as
those supporting
wildlife or important fishing and subsistence use
encompassing half of America's
coastline and producing over half of America's commercial fish catch, cannot afford to further
jeopardize its important marine resources & critical for thousands
of Alaska Native residents living along the coast, as well as for
millions of Americans who benefit from Alaska’s seas.
4 Resources
National Wildlife
Refuge Status
Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge &
500,000 acres of Unalaska Island
including all
Cape and Scan Bay
Aleutian Islands
designated by President Taft as
refuge in 1913
Spray Cape and outer Skan Bay
& exposed rocky shores, gravel
beaches, cliff faces
Inner Skan Bay & Salt and
brackish water marsh on north side, some sheltered rocky shores and
sheltered tidal flat.
Makushin Bay & north of wreck & eel grass beds, many sheltered
Makushineel
streams & Spray
Cape, Skan Bay,
Makushin Bay & pink and sockeye spawning
Wintering Birds
likely to be on the water in the area
. Diving sea ducks &
black, white-winged and
goldeneye,
long-tailed duck, common and red-breasted
mergansers
. Seabirds &
cormorant, black-legged kittiwake, murrelets, pigeon
Common, spectacled and Steller’s eiders
Audubon Alaska
Watchlist Species likely to be in the area
. Red-faced
. Common, spectacled
and Steller’s eiders
Fish &Wildlife
. Long-tailed
Marine Mammals - Near
. Steller sea
Northern fur seal
Wildlife Service
Orca (killer
Threatened and
Endangered Species
. Endangered &
Steller sea lion
. Threatened &
Spectacled and Steller’s eiders
. Proposed for
listing as Threatened & Sea otter
Fish &Wildlife
Key Fish Species
present in winter
. Off shore & Arrow
tooth Flounder, Pacific halibut, Pacific cod, sablefish,
. Near shore & Atka
Mackerel, Pacific cod, Pacific halibut
Shipping Safety Partnership (SSP)
In response
to the tragic Selendang Ayu grounding off Unalaska in December
2004, a number of organizations gathered on January 18, 2005 in Anchorage and
via teleconference to discuss measures that would effectively
prevent such a tragedy in the future. Participants included
representatives of several Unalaska interests, Oceana, World
Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, Alaska Marine Conservation
Council, Cook Inlet Citizens Advisory Council, Prince William Sound
Citizens Advisory Council, Pacific Environment, Defenders of
Wildlife, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Oceans Program, Cook
Inlet Keeper, Alaska Center for the
Environment, Alaska Marine Conservation Council, and several
Selendang Ayu2004122005118UnalaskaCook Inlet
broad agreement in the group that the window of opportunity to
reduce the risk in the freight shipping trade through the
Aleutians is wide open at present, but will likely
close quickly. The group discussed many measures that we feel would
provide cost-effective prevention in this heavily traveled maritime
trade route. To achieve some of these measures for safer shipping
through the Aleutians and
other Alaskan and US waters, the group founded an ad hoc coalition
/ task force: the "Shipping Safety Partnership"(SSP). The consensus
is that together, through the SSP we can exert far more effective
leverage to accomplish our many common goals in this issue. Any
organizations / individuals that may share common objectives of
safer shipping in the Aleutians are
welcome to join the SSP, whether it be official membership or as a
non-member participating on an informational
6 Current SSP
Center for the Environment Northwest Urban Indian
Community Action on Toxics The
Ocean Conservancy
Aleut Corporation
Pacific Environment
Pribilof Islands Association TDX
Corporation
Forum for Environmental
Responsibility Unalaska Native Fisherman
Association
Marine Conservation Council
World Wildlife Fund
Alaska Oceans Program
Jim Ayers- Pacific Regional Director of Oceana
Bering Sea
Fishermen’s Association Dave Cline- wildlife conservation
consultant
Inlet Keeper Rick
Steiner- Professor and Conservation
Specialist,
International Bering Sea Forum University of Alaska
Marine Advisory
Membership:
The SSP is an
informal association / partnership of any and all interest groups
and individuals sharing the common goal referenced above. It can
include commercial fishing organizations, environmental /
conservation groups, municipalities / village governments,
shippers, universities, state /federal agencies, etc. The SSP will
seek as broad and inclusive a membership as possible as it is clear
that many diverse groups share common interests on this
To improve
shipping safety along primary North Pacific cargo shipping routes,
in particular along the "Great Circle Route" through the Aleutian Islands / southern Bering Sea. The
group's primary focus is to reduce the risk of groundings /
collisions / spills from the several thousand merchant vessels each
year that trade between ports on the west coast of North America
and Asia, transiting waters off Alaska.
Objectives:
Aleutian Islands
Vessel Traffic Risk Assessment
- commissioned by state / federal government, to be conducted by
reputable, independent maritime organizations, and to include at a
minimum the following:
A. A characterization
of all vessel traffic (vessel names, owners, cargoes, flags and
crewfrequency and routes traveled, casualty history,
etc.) along the cargo route through the Aleutian Islands;
B. Casualty Risk
Analysis using a complete history of vessel casualties, expert
judgment and Marine Accident Risk Calculation System to estimate
frequency and location of potential casualties and areas of
C. Potential risk
mitigation / reduction measures -- quantitative assessment of
various risk-reduction measures
2. Establishment of
real-time vessel tracking system for all large vessels - using
Automatic Identification System (AIS) coupled with Inmarsat-C / or
HF capability on vessels (or other technology as appropriate such
as Meteor Burst Signal technology) - and continuous tracking of all
such vessels by US Coast Guard. Requirement / Request that all
vessels transiting the Aleutian route subscribe to / participate in
the Vessel tracking / monitoring system.
3. Strategic
stationing of two rescue / salvage tugs along the Aleutian traffic
route & we are recommending a specially designed VSP tractor tug of
about 15,000 hp, or equivalent, capable of connecting a tow line
and rendering a save to any disabled vessel in the majority of sea
conditions anywhere along the route. Likely, one at
Dutch Harbor / Unimak, and one at Shemya. These should have sufficient
gear for the task -- line guns, sufficient strength spectra tow
line, fire-fighting monitors, etc...And trials should be conducted
to demonstrate effectiveness of these tugs in rendering assistance
to disabled vessels.
15000VSPDutch Harbor /
UnimakShemya
4. Possibility of
emergency tow packages to be required on all large merchant vessels
(as required on tankers by IMO) - to aid in the connection of a tow
line in emergencies. And pre-identified anchorages of refuge where
partially disabled vessels can either proceed under their own power
to anchor and/or where disabled vessels can be
5. Communication
protocols / agreements between USCG / vessel owners / operators
requiring all vessel masters to immediately radio the USCG tracking
center (Rescue Coordination Center - Juneau)when / if any situation
arises that could lead to a casualty - including any engine
problem, steerage problem, hull integrity issue, any other
mechanical problem of potential consequence, etc.
6. Improved spill
response capability along the Aleutian route - booms, lightering
capability, skimmers, pumps, barges / bladders, training /
contracting of local residents in spill response, etc. Investigate
legislative options to improve spill prevention / response
capability along the Aleutian route.
Consideration of routing further from shore - in instances where
these large vessels transit near sensitive habitats, requesting
future transits to move further offshore to allow more sea room to
mitigate potential casualties and provide for effective rescue
(Areas To Be Avoided -- ATBAs, etc.) And, possibility of weather
restrictions for transiting Unimak Pass, traffic
separation schemes, etc.
8. Agreement with all
shippers to seek to achieve "Rat-Free Shipping" as soon as
possible. For more information
9. Potential
improvement of vessel construction standards, e.g. improved hull
strength, redundant propulsion / steerage, protected full tanks,
Long Term Actions of
The SSP has
requested an initial meeting between SSP representatives and the
State of Alaska
to discuss an NGO incident
report on the Selendang Ayu that is currently being produced and
explore further actions that need to be taken to prevent future oil
spill accidents. A call on Congress for a Congressional hearing on
risk assessment and the need for increased preparedness will be the
next steps following this meeting.
SSPSSPSelendang
"Selendang Ayu", a Malaysian freighter carrying soybeans from
Seattle to China on Great Circle Route through the Aleutian Islands
and southern Bering Sea, shutdown engines attempting repairs in a
Bering Sea storm about 100 miles NW of Dutch Harbor on Dec 7, 2004.
Couldn't restart engines, and drifted downwind ultimately grounding
on Unalaska
Dec. 8, 2005. Six crew died in attempted rescue,
vessel broke in two, and is a total loss.
"Selendang
Ayu"2004127100Unalaska 20041286
. The grounding
occurred in the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife
. The amount of fuel
spilled is estimated to be approximately 321,000 gallons (of the
442,000 total on board), making this the largest spill in Alaska &
and one of the largest in U.S. waters- since the Exxon Valdez in
3210004420001989Exxon
contamination spread over several miles of shoreline on the
Island, but much of it dispersed into the pelagic
ecosystem offshore and likely to the
. Wildlife carcasses
recovered as of February 14th include 1,600 birds and six sea
otters. This is
considered to be a
major mortality of seabirds. In addition, chronic oil effects on
wildlife are expected to linger for years.
. The local
Tanner crab fishery scheduled for January in Makushin Bay was
canceled by State of
due to oil contamination in
. Threatened and
endangered species in area -- Steller sea lion, Aleutian sea otter,
Steller eider.
. Little of the
spilled fuel was recovered.
. Each year, as many
as 3,000 large freight vessels transit this route, carrying
hazardous cargo as well as hundreds of tons of toxic fuel on
. Maritime safety and
environmental experts have pointed out for years that this route
passes through some of the stormiest seas and one of the most
productive marine ecosystem in the world, and thus efforts should
be increased to prevent and respond to vessel casualties in this
. Had adequate rescue
tug capability been on-location (as had been requested for years),
this disaster could easily have been avoided. A tug of sufficient
horsepower (at least 15,000) with proper towing gear should have
been able to tow the disabled vessel to a protected
anchorage.
. In addition,
sufficient spill response equipment on hand would have enabled more
of the spilled oil to be recovered.
. The SSP is
working to improve shipping safety along primary North Pacific
cargo shipping routes, in particular along the "Great Circle Route" through the Aleutian Islands / southern Bering Sea. The
group's primary focus is to reduce the risk of groundings /
collisions / spills from the several thousand merchant vessels each
year that trade between ports on the west coast of North America
and Asia, transiting waters off Alaska.
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