Origin of worldwide cultivated barley revealed by NAM-1 gene and grain protein content.
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2015 Sep 30;6:803. doi: 10.3389/fpls.. eCollection 2015.Origin of worldwide cultivated barley revealed by NAM-1 gene and grain protein content.1, 1, 1, 2.1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China.2College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, C Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax NS, Canada.AbstractThe origin, evolution, and distribution of cultivated barley provides powerful insights into the historic origin and early spread of agrarian culture. Here, population-based genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses were performed to determine the evolution and origin of barley and how domestication and subsequent introgression have affected the genetic diversity and changes in cultivated barley on a worldwide scale. A set of worldwide cultivated and wild barleys from Asia and Tibet of China were analyzed using the sequences for NAM-1 gene and gene-associated traits-grain protein content (GPC). Our results showed Tibetan wild barley distinctly diverged from Near Eastern barley, and confirmed that Tibet is one of the origin and domestication centers for cultivated barley, and in turn supported a polyphyletic origin of domesticated barley. Comparison of haplotype composition among geographic regions revealed gene flow between Eastern and Western barley populations, suggesting that the Silk Road might have played a crucial role in the spread of genes. The GPC in the 118 cultivated and 93 wild barley accessions ranged from 6.73 to 12.35% with a mean of 9.43%. Overall, wild barley had higher averaged GPC (10.44%) than cultivated barley. Two unique haplotypes (Hap2 and Hap7) caused by a base mutations (at position 544) in the coding region of the NAM-1 gene might have a significant impact on the GPC. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes of NAM-1 associated with GPC in barley could provide a useful method for screening GPC in barley germplasm. The Tibetan wild accessions with lower GPC could be useful for malt barley breeding. KEYWORDS: NAM-1 g spreadPMID:
[PubMed] Geographic distribution of wild barley populations and landrace populations. NAM-1 haplotype frequencies among nine geographic regions were displayed in pie diagrams and the exact proportions of each are given in percent by the corresponding color code.Front Plant Sci. .Phylogenetic tree of 214 barley accessions based on the NAM-1 gene. Two major clusters, one comprised of a majority of wild barley accessions (represented in green bar) and another comprised of a majority of cultivated barley accessions (represented in red bar) are separated. The square stands for wild barley accessions: Tibet (Wb-T, red), Southwest Asia (Wb-S, purple), and Central Asia (Wb-C, orange), the triangle indicates landrace barleys: East Asia (Lb-EA, black), North America (Lb-NA, blue), South America (Lb-SA, pink), Mediterranean Coast Areas (Lb-MA, green), Europe (Lb-EU, yellow), and Australia (Lb-AU, orange).Front Plant Sci. .The means of grain protein content (GPC) variation among nine populations. Different letters (from a–c) on top of the histogram bars correspond to classes of which the population belongs, based on the Newman–Keuls test. Error bars indicate standard error. The populations used are Wb-T (Wild barley of Tibet), Wb-C (Wild barley of Central Asia), and Wb-S (Wild barley of Southwest Asia); Lb-EA (Landrace barley of East Asia), Lb-NA (Landraces of North America), Lb-SA (Landraces of South America), Lb-MA (Landraces of the Mediterranean Coast Areas), Lb-EU (Landraces of Europe), and Lb-AU (Landraces of Australia).Front Plant Sci. .Boxplot of grain protein content (GPC) variation among 176 barley accessions grouped according to the haplotype of Hap2 and Hap7. Lines across the boxes depict the medians. Boxes indicate the interquartile range. Whiskers represent 95% confidence intervals.Front Plant Sci. .Full Text Sources
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External link. Please review our .Apoptosis facilitates antigen presentation to T lymphocytes through MHC-I and CD1 in tuberculosis.
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2003 Jul 20.Apoptosis facilitates antigen presentation to T lymphocytes through MHC-I and CD1 in tuberculosis.1, , , , , , , , .1Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. schaible@mpiib-berlin.mpg.deAbstractProtective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis involves major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)- and CD1-restricted CD8 T cells, but the mechanisms underlying antigen delivery to antigen-presenting molecules remain enigmatic. Macrophages, the primary host cells for mycobacteria, are CD1-negative. Here we show that M. tuberculosis phagosomes are secluded from the cytosolic MHC-I processing pathway and that mycobacteria-infected cells lose their antigen-presenting capacity. We also show that mycobacteria induce apoptosis in macrophages, causing the release of apoptotic vesicles that carry mycobacterial antigens to uninfected antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Inhibition of apoptosis reduced transfer of antigens to bystander cells and activation of CD8 T cells. Uninfected dendritic cells, which engulfed extracellular vesicles, were indispensable for subsequent cross-presentation of antigens, through MHC-I and CD1b, to T cells from mycobacteria-sensitized donors. This new 'detour' pathway for presentation of antigens from a phagosome-contained pathogen shows the functional significance of infection-induced apoptosis in the activation of CD8 T cells specific for both protein and glycolipid antigens in tuberculosis.PMID:
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External link. Please review our .The association of ADORA2A and ADORA2B polymorphisms with the risk and severity of chronic heart failure: a case-control study of a northern Chines...
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2015 Jan 26;16(2):2732-46. doi: 10.3390/ijms.The association of ADORA2A and ADORA2B polymorphisms with the risk and severity of chronic heart failure: a case-control study of a northern Chinese population.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.1Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. .2Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. .3Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. .4Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. zhengxiaowei_.5Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. .6Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. .7Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. dongyalin@mail..8Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China. lujun2006@mail..AbstractThe causes of chronic heart failure (CHF) and its progression are likely to be due to complex genetic factors. Adenosine receptors A2A and A2B (ADORA2A and ADORA2B, respectively) play an important role in cardio-protection. Therefore, polymorphisms in the genes encoding those receptors may affect the risk and severity of CHF. This study was a case-control comparative investigation of 300 northern Chinese Han CHF patients and 400 ethnicity-matched healthy controls. Four common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ADORA2A (rs2236625, rs2236624, rs4822489, and rs5751876) and one SNP of ADORA2B (rs7208480) were genotyped and an association between SNPs and clinical outcomes was evaluated. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association. The rs4822489 was significantly associated with the severity of CHF after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors (p = 0.040, OR = 1.912, 95% CI = 1.029-3.550). However, the five SNPs as well as the haplotypes were not found to be associated with CHF susceptibility. The findings of this study suggest that rs4822489 may contribute to the severity of CHF in the northern Chinese. However, further studies performed in larger populations and aimed at better defining the role of this gene are required. PMID:
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External link. Please review our .Study on Differences in Tourism Economic Development in the Golden Triangle Area of the Yellow River in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan Province--《Journal of Sanmenxia Polytechnic》2016年02期
Study on Differences in Tourism Economic Development in the Golden Triangle Area of the Yellow River in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan Province
Wang HSchool of Management, Xi'an University of Science and T
The paper selects the gross tourism income and GDP of "four cities of three povinces" in the Golden Triangle Area of the Yellow River in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan province as the basic analysis data, and analyzes the difference situation of the development level of tourism economy in the Golden Triangle Area of the Yellow River in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan province in the 12 th Five-Year Plan. The result shows that the absolute difference and relative difference of the tourism economic development increase gradually as time goes on, and the development of regional tourism economy presents certain imbalance in space. In addition, there is a consistency between the development level of regional tourism economy and the position of the tourism industry. In order to promote the coordinated development of the regional tourism, it should have the appropriate imbalance development strategy, and gives priority to the development of the area where there is better basis of tourism development. At the same time, it should make the most of the comparative advantages and strengthen the regional cocoperation.
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